I did not find any function to check the cipher used for a table. But in the test file t/tde_heap_aes_256.pl, the team did test what happens if you switch from pg_tde.cipher='aes_128' to pg_tde.cipher='aes_256':
-- server restart
###########################
SELECT * FROM test_enc0 ORDER BY id;
id | k
----+-------------------
1 | multitude
2 | multitudinous
3 | multitudinously
4 | multitudinousness
(4 rows)
psql:<stdin>:1: WARNING: length "16" of key "test-db-key" does not match the length "32" of the current cipher setting
HINT: Create a new principal key and set it instead of the current one.